Corporal Punishment as a Means of Discipline for Children...

This paper focuses on the views of corporal punishment as it relates to the discipline of children and why the topic is so controversial. The paper will state various definitions of corporal punishment as well as a brief history of punishing children with physical force. The paper will also state the alternatives and disadvantages as a discipline tool for children why corporal punishment may not be the best method of punishment for children. The paper highlights research and experiments performed with regard to punishing children as well as states statistics of physical abuse and lists some alternatives of corporal punishment that are just as effective. Corporal Punishment as a Means of Discipline for Children Corporal†¦show more content†¦There are both pro’s and con’s when considering corporal punishment as a disciplinary method for children. Much controversy has gone on with regard to this subject and studies indicate that the negatives outweigh the positives when considering corporal punishment for children. Evidence is prevalent of why corporal punishment should be banned but the reality of it is that it will be quite difficult to stop physical punishment. Many would think that defining corporal punishment when it relates to punishment of children is straightforward but fact of the matter is quite broad. A simple definition of corporal punishment is the form of discipline utilizing bodily punishment of any kind, such as spanking (Friedman Schonberg, 1996). Corporal punishment can be defined in categories of whipping or flogging, burning of the skin, mutilation, or â€Å"a more serious encroachment on th e body, a merciful instant death and a torturous and prolonged death (Schmalleger Smykla, pg. 37). When referring to children, corporal punishment is defined as a form of physical violence by inflicting pain without causing injuries wherein it is legally and socially accepted used to control certain acts of behavior that are undesirable. Cleï€ ment, M. Chamberland (2008). Researchers (e.g. Graziano, Hambien, Plante, 1996) have been criticized for using terms such as sub-abusive, non-abusive, moderate, and ordinary to define corporate punishment alleging that these terms were notShow MoreRelatedIs Corporal Punishment Effective? Essay1650 Words   |  7 PagesCorporal Punishment Introduction On a student’s cell phone, a teacher is caught hitting students with a thick stick. He continually hits everywhere from the students’ hips to the head harshly without a hesitation. This video is opened to the public by a student in the class posting it on the Internet. According to the other students, they were punished because they skipped class when the school inspectors came. All the people who looked at it on the Internet were surprised to see this kindRead MoreThe Effects Of Corporal Punishment On Children932 Words   |  4 PagesChildren and Corporal Punishment Punishing children has been one of the most controversial parenting topics this generation has seen. Physical punishment or corporal punishment is simple defined as the use of physical force with the purpose of initiating pain, but not wound, to teach the proper behavior of a child. Corporal punishment has been used for many centuries in schools and in homes but the use of such techniques have since decreased and are not being used in many places today. EvidenceRead MoreCorporal Punishment And Its Effect On Children1587 Words   |  7 PagesThe term corporal punishment is defined as the use of physical force with the intention of causing a child to experience pain, but not injury, for the purpose of correction or control of the child’s behavior Seven nations Sweden, Finland, Denmark, Norway, Austria, Italy and Cyprus-have laws making it illicit for parents to utilize physical discipline on their children. Corporal punishment in schools has been banned in every one of the nations in Europe, South and Central America, China and JapanRead MoreCorporal Punishment: What Are We Teaching Our Kids? Essay1406 Words   |  6 Pagesextensively studied, but none other more than corporal punishment as a means of discipline. Arguably one of the most difficult things any parent has to face when raising a child is discipline. Many parents, whether having their first child or already raising a family, often ask themselves: is corporal punishment an acceptable form of discipline and what effect could it have on my child? Like Dr. Spock wrote in his parenting guide, â€Å"The best test of a punishment is whether it accomplishes what you are afterRead MoreNegative Effects Of Corporal Punishment1273 Words   |  6 PagesCorporal punishment i s a type of negative reinforcement, something that has close to no positive effect on children; it also discourages integrity and does not prepare them for adulthood. Knowing this information, there is no justification for using violent punishment on children. However, there will still be some people who believe they need to hit their kids; it’s difficult to defy what we have been raised to believe. It does become substantially easier, though, once one is educated about the harmRead MoreCorporal Punishment And Its Usage986 Words   |  4 Pagesof whether or not parents and teachers should use corporal punishment in the name of discipline had caught my eye for several reasons. One of the most important reasons is that I was beaten by a wooden paddle while I was growing up. I was about 12 years of age when my teacher beats all of my classmates including me just because one of us was misbehaving. That was in Baghdad, Iraq, where teachers and parents are allowed to use corporal punishment freely without any fear. Another reason is that I wasRead MoreEssay on Corporal Punishment1745 Words   |  7 PagesThe deciding factor in the future of corporal punishment is seen in the Ingraham v. Wright Supreme Court case. In 1970, James Ingraham, an eighth grade student of Drew Junior High School was one of the many beneficiaries of corporal punishment distributed by Willie Wright, the principal of the high school. The rationality behind Ingraham’s punishment was that he was slow to respond to his teacher instructions. As a result, his teacher sent him to the principal office where he bent over the tableRead MoreShould Parents Be Allowed to Spank Their Children1456 Words   |  6 PagesShould Parents Be Allowed To Spank Their Children? The inhuman act of corporal punishment at home that is discouraged globally by a number of pressure groups and social welfare organizations should be completely banned, and parents should be allowed to spank their children. Physical violence practiced on children also known as corporal punishment has been discouraged globally by a number of pressure groups and social organizations for a number of reasons with serious consequences for violatorsRead MoreCorporal Punishment Is Defined As The Utilization Of Physical Force1459 Words   |  6 PagesThe term corporal punishment is defined as the utilization of physical force with the intention of causing a child to experience pain, yet not harm, for the purpose of correction or control of the child’s behavior. Seven nations Sweden, Finland, Denmark, Norway, Austria, Italy and Cyprus-have laws making it illicit for parents to utilize physical discipline on their children. Corporal punishment in schools has been banned in every one of the nations in Europe, South and Central America, China andRead MoreIs Corporal Punishment Child Abuse?841 Words   |  4 Pagesthat corporal punishment is a part of the list of child abuse. Corporal punishment should not be considered child abuse whether in the home or in public schools, because it has long been used in society for hundreds of years and has proven to be an efficient and suitable punishment for children. Corporal Punishment- punishment of a physical nature, such as caning, flogging, or beating. (Farlex). Corporal Punishment is mainly thought of only in schools but can also include a kind of punishment in

The Strange Ride of Morrowbie Free Essays

In Rudyard Kipling’s story â€Å"The Strange Ride of Morrowbie Jukes† there are many aspects of the India’s traditions and customs. But one custom that is strongly present though out the story is the role of the Indian caste system. Within each character you are taken into the five levels of the caste system. We will write a custom essay sample on The Strange Ride of Morrowbie or any similar topic only for you Order Now The caste system has been present in Indian culture for as far back as their history can be traced. The five levels that are present with in the characters in the story are Brahman, Kshatriya, Vaishya, Shudra, and Harijans (www. suchico. edu) According to Indianchild. com the India caste system is a hierarchical society. In the Indian caste system, no matter where you live or what religion you are everybody is ranked into one of the five levels. The caste system is respected and followed by all who live within the system. No matter where you live everyone knows their caste ranking, and they behave towards each other according to their ranking. We are first introduced to Morrowbie, who is a man that is placed in the caste system known as Vaishya. According to Caste System, the Vaishya are known as the Krsi (who are the people for grow the food grains), the goraksha (who are the cow protection), the vanijyam (who do the trading), the Vaisya karma (people who work), and svabhavajam (are the people who are born of his own nature). The Vaisyas were known as the land-owners, money-lenders and influential traders. Morrowbie is known as a man with an education and career as a civil engineer. Due to his successful career he is known as a land-owner. It is evident though out the story that Morrowbie knows of his high class level and the caste level of the people around him. When he first falls into the hole he finds himself in the middle of a crowd. He states that the people are scantily clothed and can be associated with the Hindu mendicants (p. 24). According to the Indian caste level the merchants are considered to be one level below Morrowbie Jukes. You can tell from the way that he speaks about them, that he believes them not to be worthy to be in his presence. Morrowbie goes on to say how the merchants should show him respect and give him recognition of his presence there. In the story, Morrowbie is shown to treat the lower caste levels as second class citizens to him. While Morrowbie is trying to buy food and shelter from Gunga he once again refers to the lower class of merchants that surround him. He states â€Å"One does not protest against the doings of a den of wild beasts; and my companions were lower than any beasts (p. 28). We are then introduced to Gunga Dass as a man of power and status in the purgatory of the dead. Gunga Dass is considered to be the highest class of the Indian caste system. According to www. csuchico. edu, Gunga Dass is in the caste level of Brahmin. According to Gnome Research Brahmin are members of the priestly class in the Indian system, and belongs to the upper caste society. The Brahmins as described by Indianchild. com is â€Å"Brahman is of the nature of truth, knowledge and infinity. Gunga Dass claimed that he no longer lived his life as a Deccanee Brahmin, but he does still maintained his status in the land of the living dead. Even though Dass states that he renounced the Brahmin life, he still is living the role of his caste system. Gunga becomes the guide to Morrowbie, showing him the ways of the new land and the laws that he must follow. Gunga takes the role of protector just as he was in his time on earth. Morrowbie states â€Å"Gunga Dass, whom I had begun to regard as my natural protector† (p. 7). It is Gunga who nourishes the people, protects the land, just as he was during his life as a Brahmin. He gave Morrowbie shelter and food when he was asked. He also had the knowledge of the land, giving Morrowbie the answers that were proper for his own caste level knowledge. When Dass is requested by Morrowbie to get the white boy’s bod y, he states to Morrowbie â€Å"But I am Brahmin, Sahib- a high caste Brahmin†. Even though it seems that Morrowbie has over stepped his caste position, it is Dass who is always in control. He is the protector, guide, nourishes, and all knowing of the land of the living dead. We are then introduced to the white boy that is killed by Gunga. The unnamed boy is considered to be a Harijan in the Indian caste system. According to Caste System in India the Harijan or untouchables; was the lowest class of the Indian caste system. They were called the outsiders of the system, the people who were too low on the level to be considered part of the system. They were traditionally sweepers, washers of clothes, leatherworkers, and those whose occupation it was to kill animals (indianchild. com). The murdered white boy was described as wearing an olive-green hunting suit that was much stained and worn (p. 5). This description gives a clear indication that the murder boy is a hunter, this is thought by the Indian caste system as a person who deserves no ranking or rights. The boy is never given a name, which indicates the unimportance of his position. Also it is his body that is drowns in the quick sand for no clear reason. His soul and body are not given a second though t about, he is treated like a dried up piece of meat, just as he would have been treated during life on earth. We are finally introduced to Dunnoo, a boy that lives in the Indian caste system called Shudra. The Shudra are traditionally people that work in service as slaves or practitioners of unskilled trades. Dunnoo is in unskilled tradesmen who work as Morrowbie’s dog boy. He is a worker at Morrowbie’s farm that tends to his collies. Even though Dunnoo is considered to be in the lower class of the caste system, he is thought to be above the untouchables. That is why he is used as the person who saves Morrowbie, but it is never mention of any gratitude from Morrowbie for saving his life. In â€Å"The Strange Ride of Morrowbie Jukes† it is evident that the Indian caste system is used in each characters actions and manners. The Indian Caste system is a system that till this day, has been the back bone of the Indian society. The characters of this story displayed not only the attitudes of each caste system, but also the beliefs of how each caste level associated with each other. Each character from Morrowbie to the white hunter established themselves in the undead world the same as they lived above ground. They did not care where their bodies were, for living in the caste system you live your full life even after death in the same caste system. How to cite The Strange Ride of Morrowbie, Papers

JB Priestly Essay Example For Students

JB Priestly Essay Jane Eyre is a semi-autobiographical account written in 1847. Charlotte Bronte was born in 1816. Jane Eyre is a 10-year-old orphan that lives with her aunt Mrs Reed in a grand house. Janes loneliness causes her to become isolated she escapes and hides herself in thick curtains in a big deserted room, because her aunt and cousins make her feel like an outcast as she wanted to read a book, and wasnt allowed. Jane refuses to listen which causes her to be severely punished by being sent to the red room. Take her away to the red room and lock her in there . Her independence and strength of character is shown in detailed words. Jane verbally and physically lashes out on her cousin John as a sign of strong nature to be treated equally. As a terrible punishment she is forced by her aunt, which has absolutely no sympathy for her to be put in the red room. Imagery is created with the associations of the red room. The room is red; Bronte uses the colour red to symbolize anger, passion, fear and danger as well as death. The red room was the room that Janes uncle died, it was this chamber he breathed his last; here he lay in state . Jane was clearly terrified about the prospect about being locked in this room, with gloomy associations. She is extremely distressed and angry on the unjust treatment she receives from her family who despise her. She accepts shes unwanted and unloved by understanding her position and role in the household. As it starts to get dark outside while in the red room she becomes more aware and afraid of her surroundings. She becomes convinced that the room is haunted and bellows out for help, this shows that her state of mind has changed. Servants come to her aid but they are unsympathetic. Mrs reed thrusts Jane, bodily inside the room at that point Jane faints, and I suppose I had a species off fit. Secondly a lot of language devices are carried out in the text. Bronte also uses first person persona she also uses a narrational voice, audience gain an insight into the mind of Jane, which shows mental pictures, created with words. I resisted all the way this shows Jane is full of passionate anger and encouraged by her outburst at John to fight on. The simile described by Bessie shes like a mad cat, also personification is used to indicate Jane as a cat it makes an image mentally created with words of Janes temper and outrage. Bronte uses a metaphor and also a juxta position rebel slave this shows that Jane is a rebel when she isnt treated fairly. To produce emotive language Bronte uses I cried so that the reader can sympathise Janes upset of her tears. Seldom slept in , creates an effect of tension and slight mystery to the reader, the build- up of the strange atmosphere and the detail ness of everything inside the room. This reproach of my existence had become a vague sing-song in my ear , this metaphor is a descriptive device which states that one thing is another, figuratively rather than literally it shows shes constantly reminded off her dependence on the Reed household. No jail was ever more secure , Jane is not really in a jail but from her point of view it is, Bronte is using a hyperbole. The bed rose before me; to my right hand there was a high dark wardrobe with subdued, broken reflections raring the gloss of its panels Bronte conveys janes stare of mind by describing things in the room that surrounded around her as enormous and sombre. .uae7453f31a9f4f524c49ca97a6adf146 , .uae7453f31a9f4f524c49ca97a6adf146 .postImageUrl , .uae7453f31a9f4f524c49ca97a6adf146 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uae7453f31a9f4f524c49ca97a6adf146 , .uae7453f31a9f4f524c49ca97a6adf146:hover , .uae7453f31a9f4f524c49ca97a6adf146:visited , .uae7453f31a9f4f524c49ca97a6adf146:active { border:0!important; } .uae7453f31a9f4f524c49ca97a6adf146 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uae7453f31a9f4f524c49ca97a6adf146 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uae7453f31a9f4f524c49ca97a6adf146:active , .uae7453f31a9f4f524c49ca97a6adf146:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uae7453f31a9f4f524c49ca97a6adf146 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uae7453f31a9f4f524c49ca97a6adf146 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uae7453f31a9f4f524c49ca97a6adf146 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uae7453f31a9f4f524c49ca97a6adf146 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uae7453f31a9f4f524c49ca97a6adf146:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uae7453f31a9f4f524c49ca97a6adf146 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uae7453f31a9f4f524c49ca97a6adf146 .uae7453f31a9f4f524c49ca97a6adf146-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uae7453f31a9f4f524c49ca97a6adf146:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Comparing Poems from different cultures EssayAlso Bronte conveys Janes questioning with a series of rhetorical questions. Why was I always suffering, always browbeaten, always accused for condemned? , this shows that Jane feels sorry for herself and defines self pity which causes her to reflect on her drastic emotions. Overall I think Janes state of mind is rebellious and confused she doesnt know whether to surrender I quailed to the dismal present . Also I find that her varied emotions reflect that shes on her period as all the colours of the room are red associating with her period. As her mood swings in various ways. For example her state of mind is changed from; rebellious, accepting, terror, epiphany, self-pity then to becoming hysterical as she is hallucinating as she watches the bed rise before her. Also the red coloured room could be her womb and shows she could be on her way to growing into a woman.

William Wordsworth’s “Lines Composed a Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey” Essay Essay Example

William Wordsworth’s â€Å"Lines Composed a Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey† Essay Paper â€Å"Lines Composed A Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey† is a coming-full-circle of kinds for the poet William Wordsworth. By composing the verse form. he had taken stock of all the experiences he experienced over the old ages. every bit good as all the alterations he had gone through. In this twenty-four hours and age. it would be called a re-assessment of one’s life—in this instance. through remembrances of events past. The verse form is written by the persona—Wordsworth himself—five old ages after he had been at that place for the first clip. The vale provides a mirror for him to measure what he had been so. and what he is now. He mentions how he is simply a few stat mis above the abbey. which is abandoned. and is seated under a dark lacewood tree. Wordsworth emphasizes the five-year span before his existent return. and implies that he may hold wanted to make so before but could non. under certain fortunes. We will write a custom essay sample on William Wordsworth’s â€Å"Lines Composed a Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey† Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on William Wordsworth’s â€Å"Lines Composed a Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey† Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on William Wordsworth’s â€Å"Lines Composed a Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey† Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Wordsworth refers to the past by reminiscing about the beauty of the vale. and how great its differences from the â€Å"din of towns and cities† . Fretful is how he described the industrial venue where he had come from. contrasting this with the peace and composure of the vale. every bit good as the â€Å"murmur† of the Wye river. Regret is besides a clear emotion running through this portion of the verse form. when the character refers to his being a â€Å"thoughtless youth†Ã¢â‚¬â€perhaps touching to his deficiency of consistent involvement in nature. which was what the topographic point represents. It is right to presume that he has seen and experienced disturbing times in the five old ages before his return ; for the hurting with which he regards his original visit when he was more in touch with the qualities of nature is rather resonant. He had perchance seen a universe outside that went against the purity of environment and centered on the ailments of humanity and engineering. But in the undermentioned parts. the tone displacement to show tense—and the melancholy that defined the yesteryear now transforms in the persona’s re-discovery of nature. as he has himself. Typical of Romantic poesy. the author relates the alterations he had experienced throughout the authorship of the verse form. and his realisations of the passion and beauty he had abandoned. He declares that he is â€Å"still a lover of the hayfields and the woods† . which validates his 360-degree journey of self-contemplation. climaxing with his avowal that nature is so what he had missed. and what he prefers. It is. in truth. a coming together of the ego and the object of desire—which is nature. The character had to delve up the events that had made him the individual he is now. and combined the lessons learned with what he has ever yearned to be. which is to be one with his darling vale. Yet it is non merely a determination made entirely by the character ; the fact that the â€Å"meadows and woods† still remain every bit beautiful as they were during the first visit shows the mutual credence of both ego and the object. The following parts of the verse forms take on a future mention. which fits absolutely with the equation designed by Wordsworth. If the beginning contained regret. and the in-between portion expressed find. the logical stoping to the piece would decidedly be about hope. At this point. the character alludes to another individual. as he talks about his â€Å"former pleasances in the hiting visible radiations of thy wild eyes† . The existent individual Wordsworth may be mentioning to is his sister Dorothy. of whom he was fond and perchance portions many of Wordsworth’s ain sentiments. Dorothy. in this context. besides represents the reader. who is tasked to partake of the joyous find the character has gone through. and to hold faith in the fact that nature will ever supply peace and composure in life’s every turning point. But as the lines are spoken. the general emotion once more displacements to despair. an imploring for Dorothy ( or the reader ) to retrieve the character at all times. He pleads with Dorothy to maintain nature in her bosom of Black Marias. which is really equivalent to inquiring her non to bury him—for nature. as related to Dorothy or the reader. now represents the character. or Wordsworth himself. Possibly. to his head. he would wish to stay as fresh and alive as the hayfields and woods—something he would wish to be remembered by. The incompatibilities in memory are now evident. for the persona’s image of nature had non changed ; which is rather impossible. after the transition of five old ages. The thought of life and young person may be what the character wanted to retain. the image of it unstained and perfect in the heads of his sister. and of the reader. The three parts and tenses of the poem represent Wordsworth’s rating of his ain life—from his vernal yesteryear. symbolized by the copiousness of nature ; his present province. already tarnished by experience and yearning for the artlessness of times gone by ; to what he believes could be in shop for him in the future—dry. wilting. and abandoned—lest person keeps his memory alive as he did nature.

No Pets Allowed! Professor Ramos Blog

No Pets Allowed! Lisa Towell has been a volunteer at her local pet shelter and tells a story about what happened to an animal which the owner surrenders to them. â€Å"I remember one handsome, friendly black-and-white tuxedo cat who was dropped off at the shelter a while ago. We had lots of other cats available, and the tuxedo cat wasn’t adopted quickly. He handled his new world very well at first, but as the weeks turned into months, he became irritable and unhappy. Eventually, the shelter staff made the difficult but humane decision to end his suffering by euthanizing (to death humanely). He was just 5 years old† (Towell). No Pets allowed! This event is the worst and common to see while looking for a new place to move into. Driving around and you see starving scared stray dogs and cats on the streets, and why is that? That is because approximately 6.5 million companion animals enter the U.S. animal shelters nationwide yearly (ASPCA.org). This event could be for many reasons but one of reasons is abandonment. One way that we can fix that is by more landlords letting renters have animals, and landlords don’t like pets for these reasons. They can cause damage to the property, animals being snuck in, and animals cause liability. Pets for landlords can benefit landlords also by making them more money. Many animals can cause from little to major damage to a property. They do this by going to the bathroom inside, chewing on things, and scratching and shedding. landlord will continuously have to replace carpet and furniture especially if the tenant has a miss behaved dog. This event can be fixed by having pet rent, and a deposit for the future cost. Also, the landlord can limit the sizes of the dog to smaller dogs. This event would lessen the damage if there is any. According to AAOA (American Apartment Owner Association) constant problem landlords face is tenants who sneak in their pets. The Balance Small Business says â€Å"if you allow pets, it will decrease the chances of tenants trying to sneak in pets that you have not approved (Eberlin). Also, you could state on the lease agreement if an unexpected pet is found the violator will be charged a fee plus pet rent from the beginnings of their contract. Some dogs can be aggressive or vicious by nature and landlords are afraid of being held liable. If you are a landlord to lessen the chance of that happening, you can restrict the breeds and avoid the more well-known aggressive or vicious breeds. However, the landlord’s liability is limited. According to Nolo’s legal encyclopedia, â€Å"in general courts hold a landlord liable only if the landlord knew the dog was dangerous and could have had the dog removed; or harbored or kept the tenants dog- that is, cared for or had some control over the dog† (Randolph). If you are worried that a dog might be a problem for you, landlords could ask that the owner would produce of go get a Canine Good Citizen title. According to AKC (American Kennel Club) a Canine Good Citizen â€Å"is designed to reward dogs who have good manners at home and in the community† (AKC). With the restriction on breeds, limited liability, and the Canine Good Citizen landlords should have a pi ece of mind. All worries you might have can be fixed and maintained, but allowing these animals open up the opportunity’s for landlords to make much more money. By allowing animals to your renters opens up a mass pool of candidates. â€Å"that almost 50% of renters own a pet. Therefore, if you make your property pet-friendly tenant as you will have a larger group to choose from† (Eberlin). More tenant options make it more likely for you to lease units much faster. For example, â€Å"David Last, a property manager, developer, and the founder of Last 2 Development, also in Boston, agrees and offers this example, â€Å"If you have 30 units that you can lease even 10 days faster by allowing pets, that’s the equivalent of an additional 300 days of rent. Assuming the average monthly rent is $2,000 per unit, that’s about $20,000 of extra (annual) income† (Gallant). Pet owners make more money and are better tenants. â€Å"According to Practical Apartment Management, b y Edward N Kelly, 65% of pet owners earn over $50,000 a year† (Eberlin). Responsible Pet owners are more responsible because if they are able to take care of a pet they are able to be more responsible about what they are renting. Pet owners tend to stay longer with their lease. This event is because it is harder for them to find a pet friendly place. Because there are fewer pet friendly places landlords can get away with charging a little more for rent if you allow pets. If we bring down the wall of fear that landlords have about pets on how they can cause damage to the property, animals being snuck in, and animals cause liability we can decree the chances of animals being abandoned on the streets or being put into shelters. And we knock down that wall by making the pet having tenants have a pet deposit and pet rent, not harboring known aggressive animals, and have a pet policies and restrictions in place for animals. By doing this, we can save an animal’s life because â€Å"each year, approximately 1.5 million shelter animals are euthanized (670,000 dogs and 860,000 cats)† (ASPCA), and avoid the pain of family’s separation from their pets. â€Å"6 Reasons to Allow or Not Allow Pets.† AAOA, 18 Jan. 2016, https://www.american-apartment-owners-association.org/property-management/latest-news/6-reasons-allow-allow-pets/. Eberlin, Erin. â€Å"The Pros and Cons of Renting to Tenants Who Have Pets.† The Balance Small Business, The Balance Small Business, 30 May 2019, https://www.thebalancesmb.com/should-you-make-your-property-pet-friendly-2125005. Kriss, Randa. â€Å"What Is Canine Good Citizen?†American Kennel Club, 26 Oct. 2017, https://www.akc.org/products-services/training-programs/canine-good-citizen/what-is-canine-good-citizen/. â€Å"Make Your Rental Properties Pet-Friendly.†Buildium, 4 Mar. 2019, https://www.buildium.com/blog/pet-friendly-properties-can-make-more-money/. â€Å"Pet Statistics.† ASPCA, https://www.aspca.org/animal-homelessness/shelter-intake-and-surrender/pet-statistics. Randolph, Mary, and J.d. â€Å"Landlord Liability for Tenants Dogs.†Www.nolo.com, Nolo, 23 June 2014, https://www.nolo.com/legal-encyclopedia/free-books/dog-book/chapter4-7.html. Towell, Lisa. â€Å"Why People Abandon Animals.†PETA Prime, 20 Sept. 2018, https://prime.peta.org/2018/09/why-people-abandon-animals/.

How to Use the Perl Array join() Function

How to Use the Perl Array join() Function The Perl programming language  join() function is used to connect all the elements of a specific list or array into a single string using a specified joining expression. The list is concatenated into one string with the specified joining element contained between each item. The syntax for the join() function is: join EXPR, LIST. Join() Function at Work In the following example code, EXPR uses three different values.  In one, it is a hyphen. In one, it is nothing, and in one, it is a comma and a space. #!/usr/bin/perl$string join( -, red, green, blue );printJoined String is $string\n;$string join( , red,  green,  blue  ); printJoined String is $string\n;$string  Ã‚  join(  , ,  red,  green,  blue  );printJoined String is $string\n; When the code is executed, it returns the following: Joined String is red-green-blueJoined String is redgreenblueJoined String is red, green, blue The EXPR is only placed between pairs of elements in LIST. It is not placed before the first element or after the last element in the string.   About Perl Perl,  which is an interpreted programming language, not a compiled language, was a mature programming language long before the web, but it became popular with website developers because most of the content on the web happens with text, and Perl is designed for text processing. Also, Perl is friendly and offers more than one way to do most things with the language.

Organisational Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Organisational Theory - Essay Example Needless to say, the resultant assumption is that public sector organisations should undergo a process of organisational restructuring as would allow for the adoption of more efficient and effective management paradigms. There are, however, two problems in the above stated. The first is that the notion of decentralised organisational structures as being more inherently suited for the adoption of total quality and other management paradigms which allow for efficient and effective proactive responses to shifting external environmental conditions, than are centralised organisational structures, is fallacious and based on assumptions and not fact (Cane and Thurston, 2000; Flynn, 2002; Dent, Chandler and Barry, 2004). The second is that, ultimately, organisational structure must be consciously selected on the basis of that which is most suitable for the organisation in question, the culture which it aspires to and the demands of the industry in which it is located and the market which it serves. As a strategy for determining the relationship between organisational structure and organisational performance, the research will critically analyse both of centralised and decentralised organisational structures, together with a review of ... ave determined that public sector organisations are largely modelled after the traditional bureaucratic organisational structure, as influenced by Weber (Gibson, 1966; Cane and Thurston, 2000; Dent, Chandler and Barry, 2004). The implication is that all of the four components of organisational structure-labour division, departmentalisation, span of control and scope of decision-making-are shaped by bureaucratic-traditionalist managerial theory. This, according to numerous management scholars, has only served to offset an organisation's inherent capacity for flexible response to changing external conditions and has, in the long run, resulted in the formulation of mechanistic and atrophying organisations (Gibson, 1966; Ford and Slocum, 1977; Cane and Thurston, 2000; Flynn, 2002; Dent, Chandler and Barry, 2004). As explained by Flynn (2002) among others, labour division within the public sector organisation is invariably highly specialised. Task specialisations are clearly articulated and each employee has a specific set of job functions, clearly set out in his/her job description, which he/she must operate by (Bourgeois, 1984; Bourn and Bourn, 1995; Flynn, 2002). While the advantages of specialisation and clearly articulated job descriptions are practically too numerous to articulate, the disadvantages are enormous. Certainly specialisation implies that employees are often matched to jobs according to their skill-sets and explicit job descriptions mean that employees always have a clear understanding of the tasks they are required to perform and know the boundaries of their professional responsibilities (Bourgeois, 1984; Bourn and Bourn, 1995; Flynn, 2002; Mctavish, 2004). Excessive specialisation, however, as is often the case with private sector organisations

Response to the article Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Response to the article - Essay Example The article by William Robin titled, The Fat Lady is still singing, was in response to an article written by Mark Vanhoenacker that called for the death of this genre of music. In the article, Robin indicates that the passion and enjoyment of this genre of music lives on despite the various shortcomings related to funding challenges and the changing audience being rampant in relation to this genre of music. In fact, William Robin insists that classical music is still alive and it thrives in the current society. To underline his point, Robin insists that there have been various instances that have been used to mark the supposed death of this genre of music. The author indicates by the use of an info graph, the number of times that people have predicted the death of this genre of music with the music not witnessing its death as called on by the prophets. In my view, Robin raises various points although I am wondering why there are no similar discussions related to art forms of paintwork, literature, and cinema. In this case, I think that painting is on its deathbed while, on the other hand, it is my opinion that both cinema and literature are thriving. This brings the status of music in between the dying status of painting and the thriving status of both art forms related to literature and cinema. In particular, this is the current position in which classical music finds itself. My opinion is informed by the fact that the level of creativity surrounding classical music is on the decline as witnessed in the last fifty years although the level of performing classical music is rising, especially due to the heavy influence and the role of the piano as the fundamental accompaniment during performances. At the same time, there is an apparent state whereby individual performers without knowledge and understanding of counterpoints are incre asingly becoming pop stars. This implies that there is a problem although

Nevada Policy Scenarios Essay Example for Free

Nevada Policy Scenarios Essay 1. Western Water Policy In light of population growth, Nevada must continue to seek new resources for water consumption. Options include working with farmers and states such as California, Arizona, Idaho, and even the country of Mexico. There are also various Lake Mead projects that could supply the needed water, as well as conservation projects within the state of Nevada. Write a 350- to 400-word response answering the following questions: a. Can you project the potential role the state government will need to fulfill in this scenario? b. Can you project the role the federal government might need to fulfill in this scenario? c. How much of a role should the federal government play in western water policy? Explain your answers. 2. Exploitation of Nevada Resources A radioactive waste disposal company has recently settled a contract agreeing to dispose of radioactive waste for various nuclear power plants located across the United States. Company executives, following several meetings, have decided to pursue waste disposal at Yucca Mountain, a short distance from Las Vegas. Using Ch. 11 of The Sagebrush State as a guide, write a 350- to 400-word response answering the following questions: a. In light of court decisions in the 1990s regarding control of federal lands in Nevada, why would eastern politicians and nuclear power plant owners show little regard for Nevadans who oppose storage of nuclear waste in Nevada? b. Is there any aspect of the Nevada Constitution that would influence land-use policies such as the one in this scenario? Explain your answer. c. In what ways can the Nevada state government play a role in important land-use decisions similar to this? 3. Past and Present Gaming Suppose you had the opportunity to develop a new casino in Nevada. Write a 350- to 400-word response answering the following questions: a. What historic political, social, and economic trends could you reference to support the positive opportunity and benefits of building a casino? What current political, social, and economic issues might deter you from embarking on such a project? b. Consider land-ownership issues. 4. Alternative Sources of Energy in Nevada The availability of land, sunlight, and other natural resources make Nevada an ideal location for alternative energy sources. Speculate on how Nevada could capture these resources to create a competitive advantage in their area. In what ways would this advantage be affected by political, social, and land-ownership issues? Write a 350- to 400-word response that considers political, social, and land-ownership issues relative to each of the following alternative energy sources: a. Solar b. Geothermal c. Wind d. Hydroelectric

Self-Concepts in Julius Caesar :: Julius Caesar Essays

Self-Concepts in Julius Caesar All people have definite concepts of self. In different situations, one may feel short, tall, smart, slow, fast, talkative, reserved, etceteras. These self-concepts are usually very different than how others view us. Depending on one's actions, words or even tone of voice, one may misrepresent oneself and be misinterpreted. One may be so arrogant or so humble that they prevent themselves from seeing themselves through others' eyes. In William Shakespeare's play Julius Caesar, two main characters, Julius Caesar and Marcus Brutus, present different personas- one being each characters actual self-characterizations, which we learn through their discussions with others, and another is how they are actually perceived in the eyes of others. Their inability to project their true motives in performing certain actions eventually brings about their tragic downfalls. Julius Caesar believed that people needed one strong ruler in order to have maximum production and proper function of a society. He believed that he possessed many, if not all, of the characteristics required of a great leader. He spoke to others in a way which he believed exhibited authority, told people why he should be the one to lead them, and thought that his own advice was best. His unwillingness to listen to others is received as arrogance. Though already warned by the soothsayer to "beware the ides of March," Caesar refuses to heed advice to stay home from Calpurnia, his wife, because he feels that she is trying to keep him from obtaining power and status. Calpurnia believes Caesar to be a prince and is convinced that some falling meteors are warnings of a prince's death. When she hears her husband boast that he is more dangerous than danger itself, she recognizes that this is simple arrogance, and tells him so, saying, "Alas, my lord/ Your wisdom is consumed in confidence (Act II, scene 2)." In response to her criticism and humble petitions, Caesar momentarily agrees to pacify her. However, when he changes his mind and decides to leave against her admonitions, she reluctantly, but obediently fetches Caesar's robe and he departs for the Senate, and his meeting with fate. Caesar's greatest character flaw, however, is thinking that he is far above others and somehow invincible. When he compares his own perseverance with that of the North Star, saying "But I am as constant as

Business Model of Total Essay

1 Introduction There is no special and particular slogan used by transmit through its products. Total is using different slogans for their several kind of product lines in the countries, where they sale the products. â€Å"Winners fill up with TOTAL!† is the slogan in Germany for the B2C segment for their filling stations. 2 Company Profile – TOTAL The former â€Å"Compagnie francaise des pà ©troles†, now TOTAL S.A., is founded on March 28th in 1924, together with its subsidiaries and affiliates. The history of TOTAL began in the Iraqi sands in the 1920s. TOTAL began its Upstream in the Middle East in 1924. Over the past decades the company grew up, developed and expanded its presence throughout the world. Since 1999, the company has strengthened itself by merging with PetroFina and, at the beginning of 2000, with Elf Aquitaine, so as to join the small club of oil and natural gas majors. Today TOTAL is one of France largest corporations and the world ´s fifth largest publicly-traded integrated international oil and gas company.3 TOTAL is committed to meeting growing energy demand while consistently acting as a responsible corporate citizen.4 The company is registered in office 2, place Jean Miller, La Dà ©fense 6, 92400 Courbevoie, France. Up to and including the fiscal year 2011, TOTAL, with all its subsidiaries and affiliates, employs 96.104 people. 3 Business Model Canvas – applied by TOTAL â€Å"A business model describes the rational of how an organization creates, delivers and captures value.†5 The Business Model Canvas uses nine different perspectives, in order to portrait where the value of a company is created. It focuses on customer segments, value propositions, distribution channels, customer relationships, revenue streams, key resources, key activities, key partnerships and cost structure.6 The following sections are going to elaborate the theoretic basis of the Business Model Canvas and how it is practically applied by TOTAL. 3.1 Customer Segments Customers are the heart of every business or commercial model. Therefore they are one of the most important stakeholders of a company and to have them is the basis requirement for an economic venture. In order to be successful on the market, products should be designed according to customers ´ needs. Those needs can either be common or rather specific. Customers should be segmented. This depends on different expectations towards profitability, distribution channel or especially the price. Those segments are also divided in groups like common needs, common behaviors or other characteristic features. Kinds of customers segments can be the mass market or the alcove market. 7 As general definition customer segmentation is understand as the act of separating a group of clients into sets of similar individuals that are related from a marketing or demographic perspective. For example, a business that practices customer segmentation might group its current or potential customers according to their gender, buying tendencies, age group and special interests.8 Due to the fact that TOTAL is a company in the sector of power production, they are purchasing the strategy of customer segmentation to fulfill the different expectations at a best possible rate. On account of the spheres of business TOTAL operates in the area of the mass market, if you would lay a focus on the petrol production. Therefore TOTAL is one of the biggest suppliers in the transportation sector. But the company’s products are segmented by the different market segments. The business segment mainly focuses on 3 different branches: upstream, downstream and the energy sector. These branches are divided as follows9:  · Upstream: oil and gas transportation, development and production, liquefied natural gas  · Downstream: refining, petrochemicals, specialty chemicals, marketing and the trading and shipping of crude oil and petroleum products  · Energy sector: equity stakes in coal mines, operations in the power generation and renewable energy 3.6 Key Resources Depending on the field of business companies need different resources. According to Canvas ´ describes the component of the key resources the most economic goods which are necessary for functioning a business model.26 According to Canvas` TOTAL has the four from Osterwalder/Pigneur mentioned key resources. Physically, intellectually, humanly and financially. To bore after oil and gas and to produce fuel, lubricants and other goods from that, it ´s necessary to have appropriate production plants and equipments. Because these are capital-intensive the financial resource arises from that. To open pools or to allow constructing new offshore construction works the enterprise needs the necessary financial items. Among other things these were gained in the course of the company ´s history. Chemicals and special fluids, also the different fuels, need the humanly and intellectually resources. The mixture of all these four resources gives TOTAL the possibility to handle its operations in 150 countries. That there ´s a dependence between the key resources is visibly with the fact that TOTAL invested â‚ ¬ 776 million for R&D in the year 2011. It ´s necessary to have a good combination between all key resources to get benefits of these investments. 3.7 Key activities The component of the key activities describes the most important things which an enterprise must do, so that its commercial model functions.27 In combination with key resources, key activities are responsible for creating unique products and services to carry out the value of the enterprise. The promotion of oil and gas, as well as the production of fuels belongs definitely to the key activity of the company. Secondly a very important one is the know-how and the ability to create a functioning logistics network to operate through the countries all over the world with the different suppliers and customers. 26 Osterwalder/Pigneur (2011) p.38 27 Osterwalder/Pigneur (2011) p.40 10 3.8 Key partners Key partners are the network of suppliers and partners who contribute to the success of the commercial model.28 First of all TOTAL endeavors to use local suppliers of goods and services as often as it ´s possible. This action contents to the local content programs. TOTAL stands for using local resources. Programs are aligned with the project ´s technical characteristics and local industry. Special key partners are not able to indentify. TOTAL mentioned by itself, that the company purchased â‚ ¬ 27 billion of goods and services from roughly 50,000 active suppliers worldwide. 3.9 Cost structure The cost structure describes all expenses which result by the execution of a commercial model.29 This is the definition within the Canvas` model. In general a cost structure is a method to determine how much it will cost a company to manufacture a product and how much profit will be recognized from manufacturing the product.30 TOTAL has a mix of cost-driven and value-driven business model. Covered to the limited reserves of the fossil raw materials TOTAL invests millions of Euros into Research and Development. It is for developing unique and innovative products for helping to reduce energy consumption but also to find new resources of raw material like oil and gas or coal. Secondly a great part of the R&D portfolio goes to the sector of renewable energy like solar and photovoltaic. The biggest part of the Total expenses falls to the production of the several economic goods. 4 Conclusion The TOTAL ´s business model is very effective. According to the several different economic goods TOTAL is producing, the customers are focused by creating value added processes that are fulfilling their basically needs along with a comprehensive growth of revenue. With production plants and service 28 Osterwalder/Pigneur (2011) p.42 29 Osterwalder/Pigneur (2011) p.44 30 http://businessdictionary.com/definition/cost-structure.html 11 stations in 150 countries, a sales of about â‚ ¬ 184,693 billion, purchasing goods & services of â‚ ¬ 27 billion from about 50,000 active suppliers worldwide TOTAL is the fifth biggest oil and gas production company of the world. In order to the growing markets in Asia, especially the Chinese market, TOTAL could be able to increase their sales because of the increasing energy consumption in this area. It is not easy to imagine, that they are able to enter new markets, because they are operating worldwide and satisfy the energy needs of the private and business customers all over the world. Taking into account of the dropping reserves of fossil fuels it becomes inevitably furthermore to engage very intensively in sector of the renewable energy.

Male Perspective of Love in Literature Essay

Compare and contrast the ways writers use form, structure and language to portray the male perspective of love in Shakespeare’s ‘Othello’, Fitzgerald’s ‘The Great Gatsby’ and the Poetry of Robert Browning. The male perspective of love is interesting to look at when looking at different texts in comparison. Although they have been written in different literary movements male characters portray very similar attitudes and reflect the same aspects towards love and relationships. This essay concerns the male perspective of love, however it is important to analyse the factors that cause these interpretations of love that the writers have created for the male characters. For example a reoccurring perspective is the need for dominance over their significant other for example in Shakespeare’s Othello, Othello establishes his dominance over Desdemona by murdering her, similarly in the poetry of Robert Browning his poems ‘My Last Duchess’ and ‘Porphyria’s Lover’ where they also kill their lovers in order to reinforce their male dominance over their partner. In The Great Gatsby Daisy’s partner Tom displays his dominance over Daisy when he abuses her by punching her in the face. The male perspective of love is understood when looking at the theories of causation. As stated one of the most prominent male perspective of love conveys the need and desire to be dominant over their partner. In the Shakespearian play ‘Othello’ set in 16th century Venice looks at the idea of unconditional love despite the fact that Othello and his love Desdemona are from two completely different worlds. Othello is a Moore which refers to the Islamic – Arabic inhabitants of North Africa, whereas Desdemona is a Venetian. Contextually their love for one another would be seen as highly controversial and taboo, however despite Desdemona insists that she marries Othello. ‘To you, preferring you before her father, so much I challenge that I may profess due to the Moor my lord. ’ Here Desdemona recognises that her duty is divided, however her honesty with her father shows how willingly loyal she is. A literary interpretation of Othello’s character would suggest that Othello feels the need to dominate over Desdemona due to his much insecurity as a character, directly associated with the idea that he is not of the Venetian culture. Leavis views that Othello is a ‘weak and stupid character’ that doesn’t understand himself or Desdemona, Othello is an outsider to the Venetian community where as Cassio isn’t, hence his insecurities structure between Cassio and Desdemona when Iago suggests that they are having an affair together. As a result Othello may realise that to maintain his prestige and respect as a soldier he must justify what has been done on him by killing Desdemona. To some extent I do agree more with the analysis that Leavis’ creates as looking within the context of the time although Othello and his achievements have been celebrated he evidently is a cultural and racial outsider. In addition to insecurities that Othello it is also a possibility that Othello is threatened by Desdemona’s sexual nature, as a character she is very flirtatious and friendly with most of Othello’s comrades including his lieutenant Cassio, whom has suspicion of sleeping with his wife. Desdemona’s supposed infidelity and unfaithfulness to her husband has caused her death. In the patriarchal Venetian society, women were told to remain submissive and meek at all times. However, in ‘Othello’, the women express independence, though in private, and Emilia, Desdemona’s maid, presents us with feminist opinions when she warns that â€Å"the ills we do, their ills instruct us so†. Feminist readings of ‘Othello’ suggest that even though women are shown to be submissive, possessions and are even called ‘whores’, when they do express their feelings and disobey their husband, as is the case with Emilia when she tells Othello of the handkerchief and Iago, she is killed. This, similar to what happened to the Duchess and Desdemona, shows that any sign of independence from their husband is unwelcome and they are quickly eliminated. This demonstrates my argument that destruction is caused by the male need to control the womenThis could be seen as a threat to Othello as not only is he a cultural outsider; his wife could be potentially having an affair with another man who is of the culture. Additionally Desdemona is of a higher class status than Othello, which also contribute to his insecurities this links with the novel ‘The Great Gatsby’ by Fitzgerald this text also portrays various conflict issues with class, for example when Daisy proclaims that she would rather be with her unfaithful husband rather than Gatsby. There are some very strong comparisons between Othello and some other texts also for example the poem Porphyria’s Lover and My Last Duchess by Robert Browning presents similar male perspectives of love. Porphyria’s Lover, the Duke and Othello all feel that they are losing control of their significant other and the power in the relationship. Feminist interpretations would suggest that that these characters are somehow threatened by the sexual nature of their partner, they feel that they should be the dominant in the relationship therefore to maintain that level of power they need so they kill their lovers, it would also indicate that the male characters of these texts are highly insecure. For example Desdemona’s sexual identity is a threat to Othello’s status, if he kills Desdemona however he can still maintain his prestige without fear of embarrassment [PEE]. This is also similar to the poem My Last Duchess the duke was also threatened by the sexual nature of his wife [PEE]. There are also some comparisons between Othello and the Great Gatsby; they both have similar conflicting issues with class and status. For instance Desdemona is of higher status than Othello, this also adds to Othello’s insecurities as not only is Desdemona very flirtatious, she is also very wealthy. PEE] Othello is also warned from the beginning of the play by Brabantio, Desdemona’s father to be cautious of her [PEE] Another interpretation made by Bradley who rejects this view and presents an overwhelming positive analysis of Othello whom he sees as relatively blameless for his actions. On the other hand Bradley suggests that it is indeed the manipulative language used by Iago that had caused Othello to develop these insecurities that ultimately lead to his downfall. This theory seems evident in Act 3, Scene 3 also known as ‘the corruption scene’. This is the scene where the initial manipulation begins, Iago begins to manipulate Othello firstly by making that he is someone trustworthy and reliable therefore he forms a friendship with Othello. Iago had been turned down from the role as Othello’s lieutenant which has explained why he may have some resentment towards Othello; however despite this there is no clear indication to why Iago manipulates Othello in such a way. Some people have interpreted this as a homosexual affection that Iago shows for Othello in which he is jealous of the love Desdemona and Othello have for each other, therefore he convinces Othello to ultimately kill her in attempt for a chance with Othello. One such interpretation is that Iago is motivated by jealousy of Othello’s love for Desdemona, and is maddened by a repressed homosexual desire. There is a hint of this in Act 3, Scene 3, as Iago, pledging his loyalty to his general, tells Othello, â€Å"I am your own forever†. Iago’s chosen word’s perhaps express more than soldierly devotion, and possess a distinctly romantic tone not too dissimilar to the language of a marriage vow However in some aspects it would seem clear that Othello has already chosen to kill Desdemona almost out of his own will, nothing that anyone says will make a difference at all. ‘Yet she must die, else she’ll betray more men’. The dialog is full of legalistic language as if Othello has tried her and is now sentencing her. The novel The Great Gatsby is set during the American Jazz Age of the early 1920’s, this was a time jazz music became increasingly popular and played a significant part in wider cultural changes during this period. This was also a time where the American Dream also played an important part in people’s lives; people would immigrate to America in order to achieve this ‘American Dream’. The idea of unrequited love is a prominent theme. Narrated by Nick Carraway the story tells of Jay Gatsby’s quest for Daisy Buchanan, Nick writes from Gatsby’s point of view as he is writing the novel two years after the story actually happens, so much Gatsby’s point of view is the point of view from Nick, although a trustworthy third party he can sometimes also be unreliable. Nick is determined to make himself seem trustworthy, claiming to be â€Å"one of the few honest people that [he has] ever known†. He also claims not to be judgemental, yet he tells Gatsby that â€Å"They’re a rotten crowd†¦. You’re worth the whole damn bunch put together†. This line shows Nick’s judgemental side, proving him to be an untrustworthy narrator. Gatsby’s perspective of love is that in order for him and Daisy to unite he must change, therefore he gained the wealth and prestige in order to win her heart, however Daisy is now married with Tom Buchanan an upper class socialite and had married daisy even though she had promised herself to Gatsby, despite that Tom is unfaithful to her. Like Othello and the protagonists of ‘My Last Duchess’ and ‘Porphyria’s Lover’ Tom Buchanan is also the self-proclaimed ‘alpha-male’ and feels like he too needs to establish his authority over his love interests for example when he strikes Myrtle in the mouth for speaking ill of his and Daisy’s relationship. The Great Gatsby also shows a portrayal of love and money Gatsby gained his wealth illegally by selling alcohol in an era when alcohol was prohibited. Dishonesty becomes his nature, displayed when he tells Nick that he is â€Å"the son of some wealthy people in the Midwest† and lies about being â€Å"brought up in America, but, educated in Oxford†. Daisy’s immorality is also evident when she allows Gatsby to take the blame for her crime, an act that ultimately results in his death. Unlike Othello and the Browning poetry which was written in a much different era to Gatsby, the novel portrays contrasting perspectives of love. Such as going after your lover, and changing yourself rather than trying to change your partner. The Browning poetry was also written in a similar era to Othello, and therefore the correlation between love and dominance are a reoccurring aspect. For example in the poem ‘My Last Duchess’ the poem is one huge monologue to the audience about a Duke talking to a painter about his last Duchess like Othello the female protagonist is portrayed someone of a sexual and flirtatious nature. Ingersoll describes the character of the Duke as a dominating character with strong will and purpose but as a narcissist who has an insecure need to construct a self-important image of himself which could be seen as a similar interpretation to Leavis’ analysis of Othello. The Duke is also portrayed by browning as someone who has complete desire to gain over control over every aspect in his life for example all that remains of the duchess is a painting concealed under a pull curtain, ultimately the duke decided who sees her and who doesn’t, or if she is even showed at all. The duke shows satisfaction in this by almost boasting about how he was able to control this young girl. Tucker argues that not only does the power give him pleasure, but by reducing the Duchess to a painting, he reduces her to something he can understand and in turn, control. The male need to control women by reducing them to ‘art’ is also visible in ‘Othello’ when he asks, â€Å"Was this fair paper, this most goodly book,/ Made to write â€Å"whore† upon? †, referring to Desdemona and her suspected infidelity. The poem ‘Porphyria’s Lover’ also portrays a similar message; this is also a monologue that is violent and abrupt: a working man, the lover of a middle class girl, murders her when she comes to his cottage, strangling her with her hair. At the end of the poem he sits, apparently calmly, with her corpse in some kind of pseudo embrace. Like Gatsby and Othello the protagonist is again threatened by the idea of their significant other having some sort of control over them. Ingersoll believes that â€Å"In his own mad fashion, the Lover has read that text in order to escape being positioned as ‘feminine’ i. e. A loved object to be abandoned again as she may have many times before. He reaffirms her ‘feminine’ position as one too weak to break those ‘vainer ties’ to a world in which he can have no presence. Torn between moments of passionate possession of her and inevitable abandonment or ‘loss’, he has murdered her n order to turn her into a fetishistic object which can never leave†. This also links with Gatsby as they both deal with conflict issues regarding class, however Daisy would never have a relationship with someone that is of a lower class than her, however the female protagonist against all odds rejects this sociological concept and has relations with a man of lower status regardless, however like Othello this causes the male protagonists to become insecure and weak in their relationship, therefore to restore that order they get rid of their loved ones completely. Stuck on conclusion.

Essay on Taxation Essay Example

Essay on Taxation Essay Example Essay on Taxation Essay Essay on Taxation Essay Consumption tax is a levy on the expenditure on goods and services rendered. This form of tax is usually indirect, and there are several types. Some of the most common forms of consumption tax include value-added tax, sales tax, excise tax and expenditure tax. 80% of the federal government revenue is from individual income tax and the payroll taxes that have been continually used to fund the insurance programs (Hyman, 2014). 11% is from corporate income tax and the remaining 9% from other sources. In2014 alone, the federal government collected revenues that totaled to $3 trillion which was equal to 17.5% of the gross domestic product (GDP). Some of the revenue that the government depends on is from the federal excise taxes which is more of a consumption tax that is levied on the goods and services purchased like gasoline and beverages. Taxation Trends State aid has been shown to have crested in the recent past considering the bulk of the government expenditure. The property tax is also another important trend that should be monitored continuously and has increased in the recent past as well. Regardless, there will be probably no significant increments on the same because it is one of the unpopular forms of government revenue. A significant reversal would, therefore, occur in the property tax long-term trends. The governments reliance on charges still continues and prospects assert that it will go on in the future. The fact that citizens are showing resistance to tax coupled with the increasing demand for foods and local services provides the best possible solution to the budget issues (Hyman, 2014). Technology has also made it easy to tax individuals hence the substantial growth in the revenue. Some of the challenges that individual governments face are eternal like people having a preference for those sources of income that are almost invisible like the sumptuary taxes (Bandyopadhyay, 2015). Also, following the trends in government revenue, particularly during the 2007 to 2009 recession, the federal government faced a lot of challenges. It also provided the opportunity to reform the financial and economic system of the states. The primary goal and priority of local governments regarding their goods and services are to create a five-year financial plan, customer service and employing a unified communications strategy. An opportunity for local governments comes in the form of co-production where professionals and citizens share the power to design, plan and deliver goods and services together. This mode of delivery allows the stakeholders to appreciate that each of the partners contributes significantly and are both vital for its success. Regardless, the local governments wi ll experience challenges still in collecting revenue from taxes because people dislike them (Bandyopadhyay, 2015). Performance budgeting is a paramount tool that can be used to improve the whole process of budgeting of the federal government. It involves the utilization of performance measures to make informed decisions. It is through this tool that governments can reduce and eliminate unnecessary expenditures using performance measures. States like Sunnyvale, CA use accounting data to allocate the budgetary resources to its citizens. Tax policy refers to the governments power to decide which tax to levy as well as the amounts. According to reports, corporate income tax rates has been shown to reduce in many countries (New corporate income tax policy, 2010). The rate at which it decreases is, however, varying throughout the countries. It is however projected to decline in many countries in 2016 than in the last two years. Reference Bandyopadhyay, S. (2015). Local government finance: challenges in revenue-raising at the Municipal Corporation of Delhi.Commonwealth Journal Of Local Governance, (16/17), 60-84. Hyman, D. N. (2014). Public finance: A contemporary application of theory to policy (11th ed.). Stamford, CT: Cengage Learning. New corporate income tax policy in corporate restructuring. (2010).China Law Practice (Euromoney Institutional Investor PLC),24(9), 53.

Emergency Care Nurse Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Emergency Care Nurse - Essay Example The study in today’s Lancet by M. Sakr and colleagues is a reliable comparison between nurse practitioners and SHOs in the service they provide in an emergency department. Patients were allocated randomly to management by a nurse practitioner or a SHO. No significant differences were noted in the accuracy of examination, adequacy of treatment, use and interpretation of plain radiological investigations, or arrangements of follow-up. Fewer patients seen by nurse practitioners needed unplanned follow-up. However, nurse practitioners took longer to assess patients and were more expensive to employ. The findings of this study, in general, support the case for employing nurse practitioners in the emergency department. The findings also raise several points for consideration. Nurse practitioners posts that are to be established within a department should be seen as a new resource and must be supported by appropriate funding to ensure that nursing levels are adequate to provide nursi ng care to patients not seen by nurse practitioners. If no additional nurses are provided, there may be difficulties in providing an adequate routine emergency service (Tye, et. al., 1998). The nurse practitioners may then be diverted to other nursing tasks, and the impact of having a nurse practitioner is lost. Concerns about the loss of clinical judgments and skills because of specialization can be addressed by rotation of nurse practitioner duties with those of traditional nursing.

Medical seizures Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Medical seizures - Essay Example Seizures are temporary phenomena; some individuals have got repeated episodes of seizures. These repeated episodes have been given a medical name of epilepsy. Individuals with seizures may present in different ways depending upon the level of and number of neurons involved. In a number of individuals, it is just a jerky movement involving one or more limbs or other areas with conscious level maintained while in others the movements may involve whole body and individual may loose her/his consciousness. So, seizures have been classified according to the level of complexity and consciousness. When some parts of the body are involved, seizures are called as partial otherwise they are generalized. If consciousness is lost which usually occurs with generalized seizures then these are called complex, if consciousness is present, these are simple seizures. Generalized seizures may affect body in a variety of ways and they have been further divided based on the types of movements they are pro ducing: absence, myoclonic, clonic and atonic seizures. In contrast, there are some situations in which these seizures may be single, for example: trauma or head injury, high grade fever especially in children, a symptom of other diseases including tumor and reactions to some drugs. At times, a partial seizure may spread in the brain when it is called secondary generalization. A persistent state of seizures for more than 5 minutes or by other doctors for 30 minutes is called status epilepticus. It is a real emergency state, which needs urgent measures to bring the patient out of the condition (Wikipedia, Carpenter ch:125). Current Treatment Treatment is required when seizures become recurrent. If the cause of the seizure is removed then there is no need of use of epileptic drugs; this occurs in situations like febrile conditions in children or seizures due to electrolytes imbalance. Main purpose of these drugs is to stop seizures because in addition to the direct effects of seizures there are chances of more severe complications, for example accidents resulting from seizures while driving, to arise if these seizures are not treated effectively. The criteria for starting anti-epileptic drugs are: evidence of focal neurological lesion based on clinical examination, radiological findings or EEG interpretations. If seizures occur once and there are no other findings especially in adults then there is no need of epileptic drugs. These drugs have been classified and prioritised for various types of seizures: Partial - simple and complex: carbamazepin,phenytoin, valproate, gabapentin, lamotrigine, topiramate Secondary generalized: carbamazepin, phenytoin, valproate, gabapentin, lamotrigine, topiramate Primary Generalized - absence: ethosuximide, valproate, lamotrigine Primary Generalized - tonic-clonic: valproate, carbamazepin, phenytoin, lamotrigine Primary Generalized - myoclonic and tonic: valproate, clonazepam Some of the patients do not get benefits from the medical treatment. The only option left for them is surgical resection of the hyperactive area in the brain. This is a very sophisticated procedure, which requires exact location of the area of brain with abnormal hyper excitability (Carpenter ch:125). Treatment of choice for status epilepticus has been diazepam even in the presence

Literary Criticism Essay on the novel Atonement by Ian McEwan

Literary Criticism on the novel Atonement by Ian McEwan - Essay Example This essay discusses that from a formalistic theory of literature vantage point, the way in which McEwan uses grammar and syntax is developed to create a definitive undertone for the story and characters. As Briony is introduced, the writing has a tempo that is a bit staccato. One can feel her personality through the overuse of adjectives and descriptivism in order to emit the precocious, dramatic personality of a thirteen-year-old girl embroiled in the complexity of experiences that she was not yet able to process. â€Å"Briony was hard to know it then, but this was the project's highest point of fulfillment. Nothing came near it for satisfaction, all else was dreams and frustration.† In conclusion, as the story is told, the use of words creates the proper moods and enhances the characterizations. As the consequences of actions are played through, the dilemma of the writer is characterized. â€Å"The problem these fifty-nine years has been this: how can a novelist achieve atonement when, with her absolute power of deciding outcomes, she is also God?† As the reader becomes involved and inserts his or her own experiences into the consequences of the novel, nuances of viewpoint change the way in which the reader will respond. As well, the universal symbolism that utilizes helps to clearly define the journey that is undertaken. As the different literary theories are examined in context, the novel, Atonement, by Ian McEwan becomes a tapestry of emotional content that touches on universal themes.

Tourism in Bhutan Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Tourism in Bhutan - Case Study Example This research aims to evaluate and present tourism in Bhutan that has been experiencing a constant increase ever since 1974, when the Government of Bhutan all started issuing travel licenses to foreign visitors into the isolated country. The Bhutan Tourism Corporation or the BTC was solely responsible for handing tourism related matters of the country until 1991. The country’s government however, decided in 1991 to privatize and corporation in an attempt to boost up the tourism as well as facilitate private sector investment into the tourism into the industry. With the help of the efforts put in by the government, the country now has more then seventy five fully licensed tour operating companies. As mentioned above, it is the Bhutanese government that is responsible for tourism planning inside the country. The government however is reluctant to issue a great number of visit visas to tourists as it thinks of the acute impact increased tourism could have on the environment and c ulture of the country. However, if tourism is properly planned and managed by the government, alongside providing appropriate input required to boost tourist activity, then the local travel industry can easily outshine the expected growth plans without having any negative or acute impact on the environment of the country. There are already several initiatives taken by the country to boost up its tourism. The government is busy in looking for resources to finance the expansion costs. A very smart measure taken by the government is to bring all tourism related stake holders on board while drafting a new tourism related policy. This will make sure that the new tourism policy does not only represent the wishes of the State but also takes into account the views of stake holders like travel managers and tour operators who play an essential part in promoting the tourism of the country (Cooper, 2001). Objectives of the Tourism Industry The main objective of Bhutan’

Impact of the US Credit Crunch on Australian Economy

Impact of the US Credit Crunch on Australian Economy Introduction However, due to the US housing credit crunch and turbulence in financial markets all over the world immediately took into effect and global economic growth slowed towards the end of the year (OBrien et al., 2007). Given this basic premise of the current financial crisis, this literature review will be guided by exploring studies made on how the US-induced credit crunch affected the Australian economy, particularly the housing market. The first stage of this literature review is attributed to describing the current financial crisis, specifically the events that led to its development such as the collapse of the US housing and banking sectors in 2007. Part of discussing the events that took place after the onset of the financial crisis would be to examine the various mechanisms employed by financial institutions and national governments in order to mitigate the direct and indirect consequences of the financial crisis. The second part of this literature review seeks to determine the effects of the financial crisis to the Australian economy, as well as the various policy responses made by both the Reserve Bank of Australia (herein referred to as RBA) and the Australian government. Finally, this literature review will determine whether studies on the current financial crisis were able to provide sufficient attention to the manner by which it affected the housing market, particularly in the case of Australia. The rationale behind these assertions lies on the need to broaden the scope of examining the consequences brought about by the credit crunch in 2007 and the financial crisis in 2008, from being centered in the US to involve other nations as well. It should always be understood that the effect of the subprime meltdown was not limited to US firms exposed to the subprime mortgage market for the reason that globalization made regional financial markets so interconnected that crisis spread across countries at tremendous speed (Moosa, 2008). Hence, it is just apropos to exhaust scholarly works that have managed to realize that at this point in time, economic activities of nations are intertwined and the development of policy solutions should also undergo the same process. Another reason for this literature review would be to identify research gaps that will in turn serve as a motivation for future studies on the effect of the current financial crisis towards nations economies such as the case of Australia. Since the underlying context for this review of related literature is the 2007 credit crunch and the 2008-present global financial crisis, the period covered for the literature surveyed in this paper will be from 2007 to the present. With these things taken into consideration, the focus of this literature review will be the effect of the 2008 financial crisis to the housing market in Australia. From the broad circumstance of the credit crunch and the financial crisis that happened in the US and inevitably transgressed to the rest of the world, this literature review seeks to identify the relationship from a macroeconomic environment of the global financial crisis to a specific case of the housing market in Australia. The justification for this lies on the need to determine whether policy responses used in the US are effective or otherwise in mitigating the direct consequences of the crisis, and vice versa. The credit crunch and the global financial crisis As it had been previously mentioned, this portion of the literature review is allotted to discuss the credit crunch as well as the occurrence of the global financial crisis. Both the credit crunch and the financial crisis are crucial concepts in this review for the reason that it will be impossible to present and examine the effects of the financial crisis to the Australian economy, specifically the housing sector if these concepts are not understood properly. According to the National Institute Economic Review (2008), the 2008 financial crisis is rooted in the US subprime mortgage defaults. Moosa (2009) defines subprime mortgages to encompass all activities involving the granting of loan to borrowers with inferior credit worthiness creating complex financial products. Meanwhile, Honohan (2008) in his study defines a credit crunch as credit related crises suffered by banks and other intermediaries which is often the cause of contraction in lending market especially if these are triggered by exogenous economic shocks. The positive attribute of the definitions provided by these authors lie on the fact that these are lifted from actual events and circumstances, more specifically the 2007 credit crunch and the current financial crisis. Another interesting point with regard to the financial crisis was given by Barrell and Hurst (2008) who stressed that financial crises are episodic and frequent and are difficult to address without major impacts in the prospect for financial growth. Based on this observation by Barrel and Hurst (2008), it becomes evident that it is inevitable under conditions of financial crises that economic growth will not be affected, especially with globalization as the underlying condition. With regard to the direct cause that led to the development of the financial crisis, Ben Bernanke (2008), believe that the period of financial turbulence on the part of the US began in 2006 when there were uncontrollable contractions in the US housing market that were caused by the inability of certain individuals to pay for subprime mortgages. Moreover, this was reinforced by increasing constraints on credit availability, which has dramatically slowed down the economy and has made it less responsive to market changes. Honohan (2008) supports this further in his discussion on the evolution of the 2008 financial crisis by asserting that the origin of the crisis was especially pronounced in the housing market wherein credit losses are so massive that it cannot be replenished anymore. The fall of house prices in the US and other major economies such as the UK directly affected economic growth in other countries. In his study, Honohan (2008) also believes that although the current global financial crisis was triggered by the 2007 credit crunch in the US banking sector brought about by the bursting of the housing bubble, definitions such as those presented by Moosa (2009) and Barrell and Hurst (2008) should not be confined to the US experience. The explanation behind this is that other nations might have responded differently upon the advent of financial crisis. In this case the positive aspects of the study by Honohan (2008) lies on the fact that it was able to present a coherent discussion of the origin of the 2008 financial crisis as something that did not happen overnight. Instead, Honohan (2008) attributes the occurrence of the financial crisis to ineffective risk management and lax monetary and fiscal policies in the US and eventually the rest of the world. Although Honohans (2008) article was focused on the banking aspect of the financial crisis and how mortgage problems in the US, his discussion of the detrimental effects of the crisis such as the closure and bankruptcy of banks and lending institutions were effective in stressing the importance of coherent monetary policies. On the other hand, the research gap identified in the article presented by Honohan (2008) is that it was highly concentrated on the banking sector in the US, thus, ignoring the direct consequences of the credit crunch and the financial crisis to the housing sector. It should always be taken into account that the financial crisis originated in the housing sector. Hence, potential solutions should first be geared towards addressing the negative consequences brought about by the crisis in the housing sector. Another gap in the study made by Honohan (2008) was that it was not able to present recommendations that will serve as a guide to policy makers as to how to mitigate the direct and indirect consequences of the current financial crisis. In a similar study, Barrell and Davis (2008) observed that the evolution of the 2007-2008 financial crises was brought about by low global interest rates arising in turn from high levels of global liquidity. This can be explained further by the case of the US wherein bank lending to households grew at unprecedented rates leading to the point that people can no longer pay their monthly dues. In addition to this, Barrell and Davis (2008) also indicated that banks are expected to hold increasingly low levels of balance sheet liquid assets, given low interest rates, and they undertook aggressive wholesale liability management to maintain funding levels. Without these initial actions taken to address the earliest manifestation of a credit crunch particularly the collapse of the housing market, countries would not have survived the crisis and will be forced to close down major financial institutions. Again, in order to understand the financial crisis and its effects towards nations and economies, it should be taken into consideration that the asset price bubble in the US in 2007 was perhaps the most noticeable occurrence in the housing sector and this has led to irreversible consequences in the financial sector. Given this event, Barrell and Hurst (2008) supports this by stating that it is the short-term fluctuations in house prices that affected consumption in countries like the US and the UK, therefore fostering slow growth in the rest of the developed world—and eventually, the rest of the world. In their discussion of the present financial crises, as well as the prospects for recession, Barrell and Hurst (2008) stated that the best way to address the negative consequences of the crisis would be through effective monetary policy through interest rates reduction which should be set by the central bank in order to prevent bubbles like the housing bubble in the US from bursting and damaging economies at larger scales. The low global interest rates contributed to rapid credit expansion and rise in asset prices which greatly contributed to the US financial crisis (Barrell Davis, 2008). The benefits provided by the study made by Barrell and Hurst (2008) and the article written by Barrell and Davis (2008) would be that in both instances, the authors were able to recognize the collapse of the housing sector as the root cause of the financial crisis. Hence, in both articles, the authors believe that solutions for the current financial crisis should not neglect making changes in the structure of the housing sector. As for the gaps in the studies presented by Barrell and Davies (2008) and Barrell and Hurst (2008), the authors in both articles failed to establish a strong relationship between the policy recommendations that they have made to counteract the negative effects of the financial crisis from worsening and the need to direct solutions at improving the housing sector to prevent another collapse in the future. Also, like most of the scholarly works reviewed in this paper, the articles presented by Barrell and Davies (2008) and Barrell and Hurst (2008) were both centered on the case of the US and the UK, without taking into account that these cases cannot be used to generalize the responses of other nations to the financial crisis. Perceived solutions to the credit crunch and the financial crisis After presenting the various definitions and understanding of the ongoing financial crisis, it is just apropos to also present the perceived solutions to the credit crunch as well as the financial crisis based on the literature reviewed for this study. According to Harris and Davidson (2009) governments have a huge role in addressing the credit crunches and financial crises through the enforcement of effective fiscal policy. The government holds responsibility to help manage the nations resources in order to foster growth and present more job-creating opportunities. In the same article, Harris and Davidson (2009) also raised that the initial response to the credit crunch was reliant on the role of the government to intervene and take action to prevent the consequences from worsening into a financial crisis and a global recession. The example given in the article was the case of the US, whose immediate response would be Paulsons initial $700 billion bail-out package that was envisioned to foster government spending through state and local governments spending. The research gaps identified in the studies presented above, namely the lack of coherent recommendations to address the financial crisis at the practical level were addressed by Harris and Davidson (2009). The reason for this is that Harris and Davidson (2009) stressed on the need for fiscal policies to counteract the immediate effects of the credit crunch. Although the focus on government intervention can be considered both as a positive and negative aspect of the study for the reason that in order to fully control both the financial and the social effects of a credit crunch, it is not sufficient to simply rely on fiscal policy but have a combination of both monetary and fiscal policy. With these things taken into account, the only identifiable gap in the study by Harris and Davidson (2009) is that it was not able to discuss existing and potential monetary policies that may go hand in hand with fiscal policies in managing the negative consequences of the financial crisis. The research gaps identified in the study by Harris and Davidson (2009) were effectively addressed in the study by Belke (2009) for the reason that it may have proposed the use of fiscal stimulus to counteract the direct effects of the credit crunch and that of the crisis as well but Belke (2009) also explored the option of having a combination of both monetary and fiscal policy in order prevent the credit crunch and the financial crisis from initiating a move towards a global economic meltdown. According to Belke (2009) the generic answer to prevent the generic economy from collapsing is that use of fiscal policy to sustain demand, since monetary policy with its main concentration on interest rates approaching zero is no longer effective. The strength of the study made by Belke (2009) is that it was able to cite concrete situations that will illustrate the effectiveness of using both fiscal and monetary policy. For instance, the case of the European Union (EU) specifically the UK wherein tax cuts are implemented in order to effectively increase demand and to foster higher levels and consumption were cited by Belke (2009) as an example of fiscal policy to boost the economy. With these examples and conditions taken into account, the research gap in the study presented by Belke (2009) lies on the fact that it was not able to fully exhaust the potential options that will aid nations, especially those that are not dependent on credit consumption, to handle the immediate impact of the financial crisis that has been triggered by the credit crunch in the US in 2007. Moreover, even if the most suitable cases to illustrate the proposed solutions would be that of the US and other developed EU countries, it would have been better if Belke (2009) used a comparative method between countries that relied on both fiscal and monetary policy and those that did not. It is only through comparison that Belke (2009) could further justify the assertions and recommendations that she had made in her study. As it had been previously raised in this literature review, Belke (2009) was not able to establish a relationship between fiscal policy, monetary policy and the housing sector. The reason for this would be that the housing sector was the triggered the financial crisis. Thus, it is just apt that immediate solutions be directed toward the housing sector as well. Furthermore, the fact the Belke (2009) also focused on the case of the US and the developed countries in the EU is also considered as a gap in the research for the reason that the effectiveness of both fiscal and monetary policy cannot be generalized in the case of only the US or the UK. The financial crisis and the housing sector This portion of the literature review briefly presents the effect of the financial crisis on the housing sector, where it is believed to have originated. It is already given that the credit crunch and eventually the financial crisis emanated from the housing industry in the US, but this does not mean that research should be confined in the case of the US and other economic superpowers such as the UK. The academic literature available regarding the effect of the financial crisis on the housing market and vice versa was once again confined to the case and experiences of the US. For example, in a speech delivered by Ben Bernanke (2008) he stated that housing markets remain weak, with low demand and the increased number of distressed properties on the market contributing to further declines in house prices and ongoing reductions in new construction. The observation made by Bernanke was reinforced by the arguments raised by Barrell (2008) wherein he pointed out that one of the significant factors that affected the worsening of the credit crunch into a full blown financial crisis would be the inability of the US government to respond to the need to intervene to economic activities. Based on these statements, it can be said that homeowners are affected by the decline in demand for houses because they cannot sell at a loss given that the current market prices for the house are low. In addition to this, homeowners cannot make further investments because their money has been trapped in the real estate property that they hold and their inability to shoulder the dept payments. In another scenario, homeowners who are facing debt for their mortgage are facing high risks of losing their property since they may not have the proper mechanism to generate additional income in order to finance for the payment. This was supported by Miron (2009) when he stated that if government redistributes income by intervening in the mortgage market it will however, it creates the potential for large distortions of private behavior. The financial crisis and the Australian Economy Prior to examining available literature on the effect of the present global financial crisis to the Australian housing sector, it is necessary to present the broader picture by determining the effect of the financial crisis to the overall Australian economy as well as immediate policy responses employed to control its negative consequences. The need to examine the effect of the financial crisis on the economy lies on the fact that the contagious effect of the subprime crisis has hit financial institutions in Europe and Australia, therefore, damaging health of s significant number of financial institutions and reducing the ability of others to run their business properly (Moosa, 2008). Under these conditions, Moosa (2008) presented a study that was driven by the need to clearly identify the effect of a US induced credit crunch and financial crisis towards the Australian economy, particularly in terms of the underlying policy decisions implemented by both the RBA and the government. The bursting of the US housing market bubble in 2007 led to the rapid decline in the house prices and the downgrades of related asset-backed securities as well as the collapse of the banking and lending institutions in the US and most of the EU (Moosa, 2008). The same cannot be said in the case of Australia, where the housing market was not particularly overvalued as in the case of the US, but was nonetheless vulnerable to the harsh effects of the credit crunch. The explanation behind this is that there are still large portions of subprime loans granted to borrowers in Australia, hence there is still the risk that they may not have reliable credit records. The only difference between the case of the most countries like the US and Australia in terms of the extent to which the financial crisis affected the economy are in terms of policy initiatives and effective regulation. Given this basic premise, Moosa (2008) asserted that one of the reasons why Australia was not subjected to massive losses after the financial crisis in 2008 was due to the fact that the housing sector did not experience massive shocks as in the case of the US, the UK and most countries in the EU. Typically, mortgages in banks and lending institutions was hit hard by the collapse in the subprime housing market in the US, in the case of Australia, the effect was not severe by the bursting of the housing bubble. In his study, Moosa (2008) began by discussing the reason why the subprime crisis in the US took effect in June of 2007. Moosa (2008) identified two critical areas in order to explain this. First would be the lax monetary policy as indicated by the low interest rates; second, reckless lending of banks to dodgy borrowers and excessive securitization. Although Moosa (2008) indicated in his study that the Australian economy is still susceptible to the effects of the subprime crisis brought about by liquidity situations that push investors to stay away from private sector securities, the only difference is that the Australian financial sector had the necessary policies to balance this out. The positive aspect of the study presented by Moosa (2008) is that it was able to showcase the difference between the effect of the current financial crisis in the US and other nations and Australia. Through Moosas (2008) study, it becomes clear that even though financial crises have a common shape, its consequences are not always the same for every nation. The explanation behind this is that each nation has its own set of fiscal and monetary policy. Consequently, nations, such as Australia respond differently to the same conditions set by the global financial crisis. Regarding the research gap in Moosas (2008) study, it had failed to establish the elements that were present in the Australian economy that enabled it to respond differently and optimally to the shock that was brought about by the financial crisis, as well as the credit crunch which preceded it. What could have been done by Moosa (2008) in order to address this gap would be to cite concrete instances in the Australian economy wherein the implementation of effective policies was able to overcome the negative consequences of the financial crisis. Malcolm Edey (2008), Assistant Governor of the RBA, was able to articulate reasons on why the Australian economy was able to withstand the detrimental consequences of the 2008 financial crisis. The arguments raised by Edey (2008) directly address the research gap identified in the article by Moosa (2008). According to Edey (2008), the reason why the Australian economy was able to minimize the losses despite the financial crisis and the looming threat of recession was due to the following reasons. First, subprime loans are essentially loans that do not meet standard criteria for good credit quality. In Australia, a different policy was employed to address non conforming loans. Ellis (2009) supports this by stating that in Australia, citizens pay the interest in their homes mortgage against their tax, so they are encouraged to keep their mortgage balances low. Second, unlike in other countries such as the US, the Australian government was able to develop coherent fiscal and monetary policy that will encourage households and business sectors to be more risk averse by having higher levels of savings and investment. An example of this would be the AUD 42 billion stimulus package that was called the National Building and Job Plan (Edey, 2008). To further support the points raised by Edey (2008) and Ellis (2009), Steven Kennedy (2009) from the Australian Treasury presented three reasons on why the Australian economy was one of the few who managed to overcome the negative consequences brought about by the 2007 credit crunch and the existing global financial crisis. The primary reason identified by Kennedy (2009) was that the Australian government and the RBA had timely policy responses to the occurrence of the financial crisis. Second, being at close proximity with Asian countries, such as China, Australia was able to benefit from the continuous growth rates of these Asian economies. Finally, the Australian banking system has remained in good shape throughout the crisis which meant that it has effectively operated with sound rules and regulations. The benefits offered by the studies made by Ellis (2009) and Kennedy (2009) is that both were able to acknowledge the unique characteristic of the Australian economy, which are deeply rooted in effective policy making and regulatory ability on the part of both the RBA and the government. In addition to this, income growth in Australia was already strong prior to the crisis which means that policy makers have to option to concentrate on weaker sectors of the economy that will experience the consequences of the crisis in a different scale. Again, the research gap in the observations given by Ellis (2009) and Kennedy (2009) is that the practical examples and illustrations on how these policies were translated into actual practice are once again insufficient. Another problematic aspect of these articles is that the authors only presented the positive aspect of effective monetary and fiscal policies, thus, disregarding the fact that these might also manifest flaws that might jeopardize the success of the regulation. Ellis (2009) and Kennedy (2009) in their separate articles mentioned that Australia had an edge over other nations in terms of counteracting the direct effects of the financial crises, but both scholars failed to provide stronger basis to support such assertion. The financial crisis and the housing market in Australia The final section of this literature review is allotted in examining the available studies made with regard to the current state of the housing market in Australia and how it responded towards the occurrence of the financial crisis. With regard to the overall condition of the housing market, Edgerton (2008) presented a detailed discussion of the through the pricing, purchasing and selling trends in major Australian cities namely, Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Adelaide, Perth, Darwin, and Canbera. The method used by Edgerton (2008) was to analyze trends in housing price increase and/or decrease as well as trends for sales and purchases of houses in these major Australian cities. The findings from the study made by Edgerton (2008) indicate that it is not only the international factors such as the 2007 credit crunch and the existing financial crisis that may affect the overall performance and condition of the housing market. Instead, national factors may also affect the formation and eventually the bursting of housing bubbles. In order to support his claims Edgerton (2008) cited that Australia employ better lending standards compared to other countries, specifically the US. To illustrate this further, in Australia, there are no recourse loans unlike in the US where many mortgages are non-recourse. Non-recourse loans mean that the borrower in financial difficulty to pay their debts has the option of handing their house back to the bank without incurring any liability for any shortfall when the house is sold. It is a different scenario in Australia because borrowers, regardless of whether they give back the house or not (Edgerton, 2008). Hence, unlike in the US and other markets, the borrowers in Australia remain liable for any shortfall. With this, the housing markets as well as banking and lending institutions in Australia are not tasked to shoulder the losses from subprime mortgages. The strength of the study by Edgerton (2008) is that he was able to stress that Australia employs rather different regulatory practices compared to the US, particularly in handling mortgage. From a description of the quick acting policies in the housing, banking and lending sector, the Australian economy, most specifically the housing sector was able to survive and overcome the detrimental elements of the financial crisis. It is also important to point out that Edgerton (2008) is one of the few scholars who gave attention to the importance of the housing market in determining the overall performance of the economy, specifically in the case of Australia. Besides, the housing market can serve as an avenue for added investments and new business opportunities; hence it should not be taken for granted, particularly during times of crises. It was also helpful that the paper presented had visual illustrations such as graphs in order to illustrate further the performance of the economy relative to the financial crisis and its effect on the housing sector. On the other hand, the research gap in the study by Edgerton (2008) is that it was not able to establish the reasons that serve as motivation for the government to implement stricter mechanisms. Impact of the US Credit Crunch on Australian Economy Impact of the US Credit Crunch on Australian Economy Introduction However, due to the US housing credit crunch and turbulence in financial markets all over the world immediately took into effect and global economic growth slowed towards the end of the year (OBrien et al., 2007). Given this basic premise of the current financial crisis, this literature review will be guided by exploring studies made on how the US-induced credit crunch affected the Australian economy, particularly the housing market. The first stage of this literature review is attributed to describing the current financial crisis, specifically the events that led to its development such as the collapse of the US housing and banking sectors in 2007. Part of discussing the events that took place after the onset of the financial crisis would be to examine the various mechanisms employed by financial institutions and national governments in order to mitigate the direct and indirect consequences of the financial crisis. The second part of this literature review seeks to determine the effects of the financial crisis to the Australian economy, as well as the various policy responses made by both the Reserve Bank of Australia (herein referred to as RBA) and the Australian government. Finally, this literature review will determine whether studies on the current financial crisis were able to provide sufficient attention to the manner by which it affected the housing market, particularly in the case of Australia. The rationale behind these assertions lies on the need to broaden the scope of examining the consequences brought about by the credit crunch in 2007 and the financial crisis in 2008, from being centered in the US to involve other nations as well. It should always be understood that the effect of the subprime meltdown was not limited to US firms exposed to the subprime mortgage market for the reason that globalization made regional financial markets so interconnected that crisis spread across countries at tremendous speed (Moosa, 2008). Hence, it is just apropos to exhaust scholarly works that have managed to realize that at this point in time, economic activities of nations are intertwined and the development of policy solutions should also undergo the same process. Another reason for this literature review would be to identify research gaps that will in turn serve as a motivation for future studies on the effect of the current financial crisis towards nations economies such as the case of Australia. Since the underlying context for this review of related literature is the 2007 credit crunch and the 2008-present global financial crisis, the period covered for the literature surveyed in this paper will be from 2007 to the present. With these things taken into consideration, the focus of this literature review will be the effect of the 2008 financial crisis to the housing market in Australia. From the broad circumstance of the credit crunch and the financial crisis that happened in the US and inevitably transgressed to the rest of the world, this literature review seeks to identify the relationship from a macroeconomic environment of the global financial crisis to a specific case of the housing market in Australia. The justification for this lies on the need to determine whether policy responses used in the US are effective or otherwise in mitigating the direct consequences of the crisis, and vice versa. The credit crunch and the global financial crisis As it had been previously mentioned, this portion of the literature review is allotted to discuss the credit crunch as well as the occurrence of the global financial crisis. Both the credit crunch and the financial crisis are crucial concepts in this review for the reason that it will be impossible to present and examine the effects of the financial crisis to the Australian economy, specifically the housing sector if these concepts are not understood properly. According to the National Institute Economic Review (2008), the 2008 financial crisis is rooted in the US subprime mortgage defaults. Moosa (2009) defines subprime mortgages to encompass all activities involving the granting of loan to borrowers with inferior credit worthiness creating complex financial products. Meanwhile, Honohan (2008) in his study defines a credit crunch as credit related crises suffered by banks and other intermediaries which is often the cause of contraction in lending market especially if these are triggered by exogenous economic shocks. The positive attribute of the definitions provided by these authors lie on the fact that these are lifted from actual events and circumstances, more specifically the 2007 credit crunch and the current financial crisis. Another interesting point with regard to the financial crisis was given by Barrell and Hurst (2008) who stressed that financial crises are episodic and frequent and are difficult to address without major impacts in the prospect for financial growth. Based on this observation by Barrel and Hurst (2008), it becomes evident that it is inevitable under conditions of financial crises that economic growth will not be affected, especially with globalization as the underlying condition. With regard to the direct cause that led to the development of the financial crisis, Ben Bernanke (2008), believe that the period of financial turbulence on the part of the US began in 2006 when there were uncontrollable contractions in the US housing market that were caused by the inability of certain individuals to pay for subprime mortgages. Moreover, this was reinforced by increasing constraints on credit availability, which has dramatically slowed down the economy and has made it less responsive to market changes. Honohan (2008) supports this further in his discussion on the evolution of the 2008 financial crisis by asserting that the origin of the crisis was especially pronounced in the housing market wherein credit losses are so massive that it cannot be replenished anymore. The fall of house prices in the US and other major economies such as the UK directly affected economic growth in other countries. In his study, Honohan (2008) also believes that although the current global financial crisis was triggered by the 2007 credit crunch in the US banking sector brought about by the bursting of the housing bubble, definitions such as those presented by Moosa (2009) and Barrell and Hurst (2008) should not be confined to the US experience. The explanation behind this is that other nations might have responded differently upon the advent of financial crisis. In this case the positive aspects of the study by Honohan (2008) lies on the fact that it was able to present a coherent discussion of the origin of the 2008 financial crisis as something that did not happen overnight. Instead, Honohan (2008) attributes the occurrence of the financial crisis to ineffective risk management and lax monetary and fiscal policies in the US and eventually the rest of the world. Although Honohans (2008) article was focused on the banking aspect of the financial crisis and how mortgage problems in the US, his discussion of the detrimental effects of the crisis such as the closure and bankruptcy of banks and lending institutions were effective in stressing the importance of coherent monetary policies. On the other hand, the research gap identified in the article presented by Honohan (2008) is that it was highly concentrated on the banking sector in the US, thus, ignoring the direct consequences of the credit crunch and the financial crisis to the housing sector. It should always be taken into account that the financial crisis originated in the housing sector. Hence, potential solutions should first be geared towards addressing the negative consequences brought about by the crisis in the housing sector. Another gap in the study made by Honohan (2008) was that it was not able to present recommendations that will serve as a guide to policy makers as to how to mitigate the direct and indirect consequences of the current financial crisis. In a similar study, Barrell and Davis (2008) observed that the evolution of the 2007-2008 financial crises was brought about by low global interest rates arising in turn from high levels of global liquidity. This can be explained further by the case of the US wherein bank lending to households grew at unprecedented rates leading to the point that people can no longer pay their monthly dues. In addition to this, Barrell and Davis (2008) also indicated that banks are expected to hold increasingly low levels of balance sheet liquid assets, given low interest rates, and they undertook aggressive wholesale liability management to maintain funding levels. Without these initial actions taken to address the earliest manifestation of a credit crunch particularly the collapse of the housing market, countries would not have survived the crisis and will be forced to close down major financial institutions. Again, in order to understand the financial crisis and its effects towards nations and economies, it should be taken into consideration that the asset price bubble in the US in 2007 was perhaps the most noticeable occurrence in the housing sector and this has led to irreversible consequences in the financial sector. Given this event, Barrell and Hurst (2008) supports this by stating that it is the short-term fluctuations in house prices that affected consumption in countries like the US and the UK, therefore fostering slow growth in the rest of the developed world—and eventually, the rest of the world. In their discussion of the present financial crises, as well as the prospects for recession, Barrell and Hurst (2008) stated that the best way to address the negative consequences of the crisis would be through effective monetary policy through interest rates reduction which should be set by the central bank in order to prevent bubbles like the housing bubble in the US from bursting and damaging economies at larger scales. The low global interest rates contributed to rapid credit expansion and rise in asset prices which greatly contributed to the US financial crisis (Barrell Davis, 2008). The benefits provided by the study made by Barrell and Hurst (2008) and the article written by Barrell and Davis (2008) would be that in both instances, the authors were able to recognize the collapse of the housing sector as the root cause of the financial crisis. Hence, in both articles, the authors believe that solutions for the current financial crisis should not neglect making changes in the structure of the housing sector. As for the gaps in the studies presented by Barrell and Davies (2008) and Barrell and Hurst (2008), the authors in both articles failed to establish a strong relationship between the policy recommendations that they have made to counteract the negative effects of the financial crisis from worsening and the need to direct solutions at improving the housing sector to prevent another collapse in the future. Also, like most of the scholarly works reviewed in this paper, the articles presented by Barrell and Davies (2008) and Barrell and Hurst (2008) were both centered on the case of the US and the UK, without taking into account that these cases cannot be used to generalize the responses of other nations to the financial crisis. Perceived solutions to the credit crunch and the financial crisis After presenting the various definitions and understanding of the ongoing financial crisis, it is just apropos to also present the perceived solutions to the credit crunch as well as the financial crisis based on the literature reviewed for this study. According to Harris and Davidson (2009) governments have a huge role in addressing the credit crunches and financial crises through the enforcement of effective fiscal policy. The government holds responsibility to help manage the nations resources in order to foster growth and present more job-creating opportunities. In the same article, Harris and Davidson (2009) also raised that the initial response to the credit crunch was reliant on the role of the government to intervene and take action to prevent the consequences from worsening into a financial crisis and a global recession. The example given in the article was the case of the US, whose immediate response would be Paulsons initial $700 billion bail-out package that was envisioned to foster government spending through state and local governments spending. The research gaps identified in the studies presented above, namely the lack of coherent recommendations to address the financial crisis at the practical level were addressed by Harris and Davidson (2009). The reason for this is that Harris and Davidson (2009) stressed on the need for fiscal policies to counteract the immediate effects of the credit crunch. Although the focus on government intervention can be considered both as a positive and negative aspect of the study for the reason that in order to fully control both the financial and the social effects of a credit crunch, it is not sufficient to simply rely on fiscal policy but have a combination of both monetary and fiscal policy. With these things taken into account, the only identifiable gap in the study by Harris and Davidson (2009) is that it was not able to discuss existing and potential monetary policies that may go hand in hand with fiscal policies in managing the negative consequences of the financial crisis. The research gaps identified in the study by Harris and Davidson (2009) were effectively addressed in the study by Belke (2009) for the reason that it may have proposed the use of fiscal stimulus to counteract the direct effects of the credit crunch and that of the crisis as well but Belke (2009) also explored the option of having a combination of both monetary and fiscal policy in order prevent the credit crunch and the financial crisis from initiating a move towards a global economic meltdown. According to Belke (2009) the generic answer to prevent the generic economy from collapsing is that use of fiscal policy to sustain demand, since monetary policy with its main concentration on interest rates approaching zero is no longer effective. The strength of the study made by Belke (2009) is that it was able to cite concrete situations that will illustrate the effectiveness of using both fiscal and monetary policy. For instance, the case of the European Union (EU) specifically the UK wherein tax cuts are implemented in order to effectively increase demand and to foster higher levels and consumption were cited by Belke (2009) as an example of fiscal policy to boost the economy. With these examples and conditions taken into account, the research gap in the study presented by Belke (2009) lies on the fact that it was not able to fully exhaust the potential options that will aid nations, especially those that are not dependent on credit consumption, to handle the immediate impact of the financial crisis that has been triggered by the credit crunch in the US in 2007. Moreover, even if the most suitable cases to illustrate the proposed solutions would be that of the US and other developed EU countries, it would have been better if Belke (2009) used a comparative method between countries that relied on both fiscal and monetary policy and those that did not. It is only through comparison that Belke (2009) could further justify the assertions and recommendations that she had made in her study. As it had been previously raised in this literature review, Belke (2009) was not able to establish a relationship between fiscal policy, monetary policy and the housing sector. The reason for this would be that the housing sector was the triggered the financial crisis. Thus, it is just apt that immediate solutions be directed toward the housing sector as well. Furthermore, the fact the Belke (2009) also focused on the case of the US and the developed countries in the EU is also considered as a gap in the research for the reason that the effectiveness of both fiscal and monetary policy cannot be generalized in the case of only the US or the UK. The financial crisis and the housing sector This portion of the literature review briefly presents the effect of the financial crisis on the housing sector, where it is believed to have originated. It is already given that the credit crunch and eventually the financial crisis emanated from the housing industry in the US, but this does not mean that research should be confined in the case of the US and other economic superpowers such as the UK. The academic literature available regarding the effect of the financial crisis on the housing market and vice versa was once again confined to the case and experiences of the US. For example, in a speech delivered by Ben Bernanke (2008) he stated that housing markets remain weak, with low demand and the increased number of distressed properties on the market contributing to further declines in house prices and ongoing reductions in new construction. The observation made by Bernanke was reinforced by the arguments raised by Barrell (2008) wherein he pointed out that one of the significant factors that affected the worsening of the credit crunch into a full blown financial crisis would be the inability of the US government to respond to the need to intervene to economic activities. Based on these statements, it can be said that homeowners are affected by the decline in demand for houses because they cannot sell at a loss given that the current market prices for the house are low. In addition to this, homeowners cannot make further investments because their money has been trapped in the real estate property that they hold and their inability to shoulder the dept payments. In another scenario, homeowners who are facing debt for their mortgage are facing high risks of losing their property since they may not have the proper mechanism to generate additional income in order to finance for the payment. This was supported by Miron (2009) when he stated that if government redistributes income by intervening in the mortgage market it will however, it creates the potential for large distortions of private behavior. The financial crisis and the Australian Economy Prior to examining available literature on the effect of the present global financial crisis to the Australian housing sector, it is necessary to present the broader picture by determining the effect of the financial crisis to the overall Australian economy as well as immediate policy responses employed to control its negative consequences. The need to examine the effect of the financial crisis on the economy lies on the fact that the contagious effect of the subprime crisis has hit financial institutions in Europe and Australia, therefore, damaging health of s significant number of financial institutions and reducing the ability of others to run their business properly (Moosa, 2008). Under these conditions, Moosa (2008) presented a study that was driven by the need to clearly identify the effect of a US induced credit crunch and financial crisis towards the Australian economy, particularly in terms of the underlying policy decisions implemented by both the RBA and the government. The bursting of the US housing market bubble in 2007 led to the rapid decline in the house prices and the downgrades of related asset-backed securities as well as the collapse of the banking and lending institutions in the US and most of the EU (Moosa, 2008). The same cannot be said in the case of Australia, where the housing market was not particularly overvalued as in the case of the US, but was nonetheless vulnerable to the harsh effects of the credit crunch. The explanation behind this is that there are still large portions of subprime loans granted to borrowers in Australia, hence there is still the risk that they may not have reliable credit records. The only difference between the case of the most countries like the US and Australia in terms of the extent to which the financial crisis affected the economy are in terms of policy initiatives and effective regulation. Given this basic premise, Moosa (2008) asserted that one of the reasons why Australia was not subjected to massive losses after the financial crisis in 2008 was due to the fact that the housing sector did not experience massive shocks as in the case of the US, the UK and most countries in the EU. Typically, mortgages in banks and lending institutions was hit hard by the collapse in the subprime housing market in the US, in the case of Australia, the effect was not severe by the bursting of the housing bubble. In his study, Moosa (2008) began by discussing the reason why the subprime crisis in the US took effect in June of 2007. Moosa (2008) identified two critical areas in order to explain this. First would be the lax monetary policy as indicated by the low interest rates; second, reckless lending of banks to dodgy borrowers and excessive securitization. Although Moosa (2008) indicated in his study that the Australian economy is still susceptible to the effects of the subprime crisis brought about by liquidity situations that push investors to stay away from private sector securities, the only difference is that the Australian financial sector had the necessary policies to balance this out. The positive aspect of the study presented by Moosa (2008) is that it was able to showcase the difference between the effect of the current financial crisis in the US and other nations and Australia. Through Moosas (2008) study, it becomes clear that even though financial crises have a common shape, its consequences are not always the same for every nation. The explanation behind this is that each nation has its own set of fiscal and monetary policy. Consequently, nations, such as Australia respond differently to the same conditions set by the global financial crisis. Regarding the research gap in Moosas (2008) study, it had failed to establish the elements that were present in the Australian economy that enabled it to respond differently and optimally to the shock that was brought about by the financial crisis, as well as the credit crunch which preceded it. What could have been done by Moosa (2008) in order to address this gap would be to cite concrete instances in the Australian economy wherein the implementation of effective policies was able to overcome the negative consequences of the financial crisis. Malcolm Edey (2008), Assistant Governor of the RBA, was able to articulate reasons on why the Australian economy was able to withstand the detrimental consequences of the 2008 financial crisis. The arguments raised by Edey (2008) directly address the research gap identified in the article by Moosa (2008). According to Edey (2008), the reason why the Australian economy was able to minimize the losses despite the financial crisis and the looming threat of recession was due to the following reasons. First, subprime loans are essentially loans that do not meet standard criteria for good credit quality. In Australia, a different policy was employed to address non conforming loans. Ellis (2009) supports this by stating that in Australia, citizens pay the interest in their homes mortgage against their tax, so they are encouraged to keep their mortgage balances low. Second, unlike in other countries such as the US, the Australian government was able to develop coherent fiscal and monetary policy that will encourage households and business sectors to be more risk averse by having higher levels of savings and investment. An example of this would be the AUD 42 billion stimulus package that was called the National Building and Job Plan (Edey, 2008). To further support the points raised by Edey (2008) and Ellis (2009), Steven Kennedy (2009) from the Australian Treasury presented three reasons on why the Australian economy was one of the few who managed to overcome the negative consequences brought about by the 2007 credit crunch and the existing global financial crisis. The primary reason identified by Kennedy (2009) was that the Australian government and the RBA had timely policy responses to the occurrence of the financial crisis. Second, being at close proximity with Asian countries, such as China, Australia was able to benefit from the continuous growth rates of these Asian economies. Finally, the Australian banking system has remained in good shape throughout the crisis which meant that it has effectively operated with sound rules and regulations. The benefits offered by the studies made by Ellis (2009) and Kennedy (2009) is that both were able to acknowledge the unique characteristic of the Australian economy, which are deeply rooted in effective policy making and regulatory ability on the part of both the RBA and the government. In addition to this, income growth in Australia was already strong prior to the crisis which means that policy makers have to option to concentrate on weaker sectors of the economy that will experience the consequences of the crisis in a different scale. Again, the research gap in the observations given by Ellis (2009) and Kennedy (2009) is that the practical examples and illustrations on how these policies were translated into actual practice are once again insufficient. Another problematic aspect of these articles is that the authors only presented the positive aspect of effective monetary and fiscal policies, thus, disregarding the fact that these might also manifest flaws that might jeopardize the success of the regulation. Ellis (2009) and Kennedy (2009) in their separate articles mentioned that Australia had an edge over other nations in terms of counteracting the direct effects of the financial crises, but both scholars failed to provide stronger basis to support such assertion. The financial crisis and the housing market in Australia The final section of this literature review is allotted in examining the available studies made with regard to the current state of the housing market in Australia and how it responded towards the occurrence of the financial crisis. With regard to the overall condition of the housing market, Edgerton (2008) presented a detailed discussion of the through the pricing, purchasing and selling trends in major Australian cities namely, Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Adelaide, Perth, Darwin, and Canbera. The method used by Edgerton (2008) was to analyze trends in housing price increase and/or decrease as well as trends for sales and purchases of houses in these major Australian cities. The findings from the study made by Edgerton (2008) indicate that it is not only the international factors such as the 2007 credit crunch and the existing financial crisis that may affect the overall performance and condition of the housing market. Instead, national factors may also affect the formation and eventually the bursting of housing bubbles. In order to support his claims Edgerton (2008) cited that Australia employ better lending standards compared to other countries, specifically the US. To illustrate this further, in Australia, there are no recourse loans unlike in the US where many mortgages are non-recourse. Non-recourse loans mean that the borrower in financial difficulty to pay their debts has the option of handing their house back to the bank without incurring any liability for any shortfall when the house is sold. It is a different scenario in Australia because borrowers, regardless of whether they give back the house or not (Edgerton, 2008). Hence, unlike in the US and other markets, the borrowers in Australia remain liable for any shortfall. With this, the housing markets as well as banking and lending institutions in Australia are not tasked to shoulder the losses from subprime mortgages. The strength of the study by Edgerton (2008) is that he was able to stress that Australia employs rather different regulatory practices compared to the US, particularly in handling mortgage. From a description of the quick acting policies in the housing, banking and lending sector, the Australian economy, most specifically the housing sector was able to survive and overcome the detrimental elements of the financial crisis. It is also important to point out that Edgerton (2008) is one of the few scholars who gave attention to the importance of the housing market in determining the overall performance of the economy, specifically in the case of Australia. Besides, the housing market can serve as an avenue for added investments and new business opportunities; hence it should not be taken for granted, particularly during times of crises. It was also helpful that the paper presented had visual illustrations such as graphs in order to illustrate further the performance of the economy relative to the financial crisis and its effect on the housing sector. On the other hand, the research gap in the study by Edgerton (2008) is that it was not able to establish the reasons that serve as motivation for the government to implement stricter mechanisms.